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Why do they take pee at a physical?

The most common use of urinalysis is to detect substances or cells in the urine that point to different disorders. Urinalysis is used to diagnose disease or to screen for health problems. In some cases, kidney disease might be suspected based on what is found. In other cases, nothing important is found.

kidney.org - Why Are Patients Asked for Urine Samples?

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Have you ever wondered why health professionals ask for a urine sample? The kidneys remove waste material, fluids, and other substances from the blood. The urine can contain many different clues to how your body is doing. Your urine tells a lot about your health. Testing the urine is known as “urinalysis” (analysis of the urine). The most common use of urinalysis is to detect substances or cells in the urine that point to different disorders. Urinalysis is used to diagnose disease or to screen for health problems. In some cases, kidney disease might be suspected based on what is found. In other cases, nothing important is found. The results of urine tests can be affected by diet, dehydration, medicines, exercise, and other factors. Sometimes, you will be asked to come back and give another sample. Many people are familiar with pregnancy tests that use urine to detect a substance that only pregnant women produce. Others are familiar with tests of the urine for employment or to test athletes, for example, to exclude drug use. But there are many other uses in medicine. To check your general health, everyone should have a urinalysis as a child and then periodically as an adult. Some doctors use urinalysis as part of a routine medical exam to screen for early signs of disease, including chronic kidney disease. If you already know you have diabetes, or chronic kidney disease, a urinalysis will be used to monitor you. If a urinary tract infection is suspected, a urine test may show blood or bacteria in the urine. What exactly could they find in urine? Often, substances such as protein or glucose (sugar) will begin to appear in the urine before patients are aware that they may have a problem. Persistent protein in the urine (two positive tests for protein over several weeks) is one of the earliest signs of chronic kidney disease. A large amount of glucose in the urine is a sign of potential diabetes. Urine tests can be used to diagnose urinary tract infections, if bacteria or white blood cells are found. In patients who have already been diagnosed with chronic kidney disease, urinalysis may be ordered at intervals as a quick and useful way to monitor function. It can also provide information about whether treatment is reducing the amount of protein in the urine.

A urinalysis has three parts:

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