Prostate Restored
Prostate Restored
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Vitamin E is the most powerful antioxidant of lipid membranes. Vitamin E is deposited, in a dose-dependent way, in cellular and subcellular membranes (mitochondria, microsomes), which are rich in fatty acids, and thus becomes an integral part of these structural elements, (Fig.
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Read More »a-Tocopherol functions as a free radical quencher in biological cells (Machlin 1984); its localization within the unsaturated fatty acid esters in the phospholipid bilayer of cell membranes provides a means of controlling lipid oxidation at a likely initiation site (Hafeman and Hoekstra 1977). a-Tocopherol from animal diets is probably preferentially incorporated into the plasma membranes of mitochondria and microsomes (Arnold et al. 1993). As part of the normal metabolism and energy production, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are formed and it has been estimated that as much as 1–2% of all oxygen consumed may result in the formation of ROS, with the clear majority of ROS being generated in the mitochondria (Gille and Sigler 1995; Ischiropoulos and Beckman 2003). The localization of a-tocopherol within the phospholipid bilayer of cell membranes provides a means of controlling lipid oxidation at the initiation site (Fukuzawa et al., 1994).An imbalance between prooxidants and antioxidants in favor of the former leads to oxidative stress or damage to biomolecules like proteins, lipids and DNA (Sies, 1991; Halliwell & Gutteridge 2007). However, current and short-term oxidative stress may be expected during infectious diseases, in which immune cells generate ROS to eliminate and kill pathogenic bacteria. Hence, the generation of free radicals are part of normal physiology and immune reactions, whereas uncontrolled and chronic production causes local damage (Beckman and Ames, 1998). Therefore, during evolution, living organisms have developed specific antioxidant protective mechanisms to deal with ROS and RNS and enabling them to survive in an oxygen-rich environment (Surai, 2002). The antioxidant system or network in living organisms can be divided in two main groups of compounds: enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. Enzymatic antioxidants like Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and Catalase (CAT) act primarily as front-line defense to block the formation of free radicals, and especially in the water-soluble cell compartment. Non-enzymatic antioxidants like vitamin E, Vitamin C and glutathione act on formed free-radicals, and the water-soluble vitamin C is capable to regenerate the vitamin E by donating a hydrogen atom to the vitamin E radical once vitamin has been used. Thus, the interplay between these antioxidants and the specific synergy between the vitamins, is very important for the protection of cellular membranes. It has been very well documented (Forman et al., 2013) that because of chemical kinetic constraints, mostly linked to concentration at the site of action and the speed of reactions, antioxidants are a system made of distinct substances with different mode of actions. Every antioxidant has its unique (bio)-chemical profile which is reflected in different sites of action and different biological activities. works especially well in wheat-based broiler diets and can save $3–$6/tonne feed
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