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What stimulates the need to urinate?

Over time, your bladder fills up and expands like a balloon, putting tension on the bladder muscles. At a certain point, the body senses that it is reaching a limit, which triggers the urge to urinate.

nih.gov - How your body senses the urge to urinate - NIH

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How your body senses the urge to urinate

At a Glance Researchers discovered a gene that may be responsible for the powerful urge to urinate that we normally feel many times throughout the day. These findings expand the growing list of newly discovered senses under the gene’s control.

Patapoutian lab, Scripps Researcher Institute

How often you need to urinate depends on how quickly your kidneys produce the urine that fills the bladder. It also depends on how much urine your bladder can comfortably hold. Over time, your bladder fills up and expands like a balloon, putting tension on the bladder muscles. At a certain point, the body senses that it is reaching a limit, which triggers the urge to urinate. But how your body senses a full bladder isn’t known. Certain proteins can be activated by cells being stretched or squeezed. One gene, called PIEZO2, holds the instructions to make such proteins. PIEZO2 has been shown to play a role in sensing mechanical stimulation, including touch, vibration, pain, and proprioception (the awareness of one’s body in space). To investigate whether PIEZO2 also helps the body sense a full bladder, a research team led by Dr. Ardem Patapoutian at the Scripps Research Institute, Dr. Alex Chesler at NIH’s National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH), and Dr. Carsten Bönnemann at NIH’s National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) studied how mutations in PIEZO2 affect people and mice. Results were published on October 14, 2020 in Nature. The researchers examined 12 patients at the NIH Clinical Center, ages 5 to 43 years, who were born with inactivating mutations in their PIEZO2 genes. The team reviewed medical records, performed ultrasound scans, administered questionnaires, and conducted detailed interviews with the patients and their families. Most patients reported problems with urination. Nearly all could go an entire day without feeling the urge to urinate. Most urinated less than the normal five to six times per day. Seven said they found it difficult to urinate. They either had to wait for it to happen or needed to press their lower abdomen for it to start. The researchers also studied PIEZO2 in the cells involved in bladder control in mice: dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, which send nerve signals from the mouse bladder to the brain, and “umbrella” cells that line the inside of the bladder. Genetically removing PIEZO2 from either the neurons or the umbrella cells reduced the cells’ response to the bladder filling. It also caused the mice to have urination problems. Mice with the genetically altered cells required more fluid and greater pressure in the bladder to trigger urination. This phenomenon was similar to the patient reports. Mice with the mutated gene also had thicker bladder muscles than the controls, suggesting that the loss of sensation altered the bladder over time. “Our results show how the PIEZO2 gene tightly coordinates urination,” Chesler says. “This is a major advance in our understanding of interoception—or the sense of what’s going inside our bodies.” “Urination is essential for our health. It’s one of the primary ways our bodies dispose of waste,” Patapoutian adds. “We hope that these results provide a more detailed understanding of how urination works under healthy and disease conditions.”

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Is sperm visible to the eye?

Sperm cells are approximately 0.05 milliliters long (or about 2 thousandths of an inch). They're not visible to the naked eye, but using a microscope, we can see the structure of sperm.

givelegacy.com - Guide to Sperm: Sperm Motility and Male Fertility | Legacy

Fertilization is a “race to the top” of the female reproductive system, from the vagina to the fallopian tubes, where sperm meet the egg and fertilization occurs. On average, anywhere between 80 and 300 million sperm cells are released per ejaculation. However, most are eliminated along the way; any abnormal or otherwise defective sperm fall to the many dangers of the journey, along with a good percentage of healthy sperm. In fact, less than 1 in a million from the original ejaculate will reach the egg at the time of fertilization. The journey to the egg is complex, full of obstacles, and at times hostile. The acidic environment of the vagina will eliminate any sperm that linger for too long. Once sperm reach the cervix, they must navigate through a web of mucus that can trap many. A great deal of sperm can be lost to “crypts,” side-channels where they can survive for several days. Once they reach the Fallopian tubes, many become bound to its surface; only a select few are freed and continue on to the egg — that is, if they’ve chosen the correct tube. It is hypothesized that this long, arduous journey is nature’s way of weeding out the weak, so only the healthiest, strongest sperm survive. When a sperm reaches the upper part of the female reproductive system, it undergoes the final steps that allow it to fertilize the egg: chemical changes to the surface of the sperm allow the acrosome to access the egg and dissolve its outer layer, and the tail begins to “beat” faster to facilitate egg penetration.

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