What is Triple Y syndrome?

XYY syndrome is a rare chromosomal disorder that affects males. It is caused by the presence of an extra Y chromosome. Males normally have one X and one Y chromosome. However, individuals with this syndrome have one X and two Y chromosomes. Affected individuals are usually very tall.

rarediseases.org - XYY Syndrome - NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)

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Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of XYY syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis: Klinefelter syndrome is associated with a group of chromosomal disorders in males in which one or more extra X chromosomes are present. Males with the classic form of the disorder have one extra X chromosome. Males with variant forms of Klinefelter syndrome have additional X and/or Y chromosomes. The extra X and/or Y chromosome can affect physical, developmental, behavioral, and cognitive functioning. Common physical features may include tall stature, lack of secondary pubertal development, small testes (hypogonadism), delayed pubertal development, and breast development (gynecomastia) in late puberty. These features may be associated with low testosterone level and elevated gonadotropin levels. (For more information on this disorder, choose “Klinefelter” as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.) Sotos syndrome is a variable genetic disorder characterized by excessive growth before and after birth. One of the major features of Sotos syndrome is a particular facial appearance that includes facial flushing, an abnormally prominent forehead (frontal bossing), down-slanting eyelid folds (palpebral fissures), prominent, narrow jaw, a long narrow face and a head shape that is similar to an inverted pear. Height and head circumference are measured to be greater than average for most affected children. Developmental delays are present in most children with Sotos syndrome and can include motor and language delays as well as mental retardation ranging from mild to severe. Other problems associated with Sotos syndrome include jaundice in newborns, curved spine (scoliosis), seizures, crossed eyes (strabismus), conductive hearing loss, congenital heart defects, kidney abnormalities and behavioral problems. Affected individuals also have a slightly increased risk to develop specific types of tumors. Sotos syndrome is caused by an abnormality (mutation) in the NSD1 gene. (For more information on this disorder, choose “Sotos” as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.) Marfan syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects connective tissue, which is the material between cells of the body that gives the tissues form and strength. Connective tissue is found all over the body and multiple organ systems may be affected in individuals with Marfan syndrome. The heart and blood vessels (cardiovascular), skeletal, and eye (ocular) systems are most often affected. Major symptoms include overgrowth of the long bones of the arms and legs, abnormal side-to-side curvature of the spine (scoliosis), indentation or protrusion of the chest wall (pectus), dislocation of the lenses of the eyes (ectopia lentis), nearsightedness (myopia), widening (aneurysm) and tear (dissection) of the main artery that carries blood away from the heart (aorta), floppiness of the mitral valve (mitral valve prolapse) and backward flow of blood through the aortic and mitral valves (aortic and mitral regurgitation). The specific symptoms and the severity of Marfan syndrome vary greatly from case to case. Marfan syndrome is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Defects or disruptions (mutations) of the fibrillin-1 (FBN1) gene have been linked to Marfan syndrome and related disorders.. (For more information on this disorder, choose “Marfan” as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)

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What is the biggest human issues today?

Our list of the most pressing world problems Risks from artificial intelligence. ... Catastrophic pandemics. ... Building effective altruism. ... Global priorities research. ... Nuclear war. ... Epistemics and institutional decision-making. ... Climate change. ... Great power conflict.

80000hours.org - What are the most pressing world problems?

You can find some guidance on this question in this article and this template. Here are the basics:

Your values and worldview

What do you think is important? What do you think the world is like, and how do you think we should come to beliefs about it? Your answers to these questions are part of your worldview. (For example, we discuss our worldview in our key ideas series.) Spend some time investigating and writing out answers to these questions — keeping in mind that you’ll never have a complete and fully confident answer.

Frameworks for comparing issues

Learn about different frameworks you can use to compare issues. For example, we often use the importance, neglectedness, and tractability framework, where how you assess the importance and tractability of problems is partially determined by your worldview. (See a more popular introduction to the framework.)

Start generating ideas

Once you have frameworks and your worldview clarified to some extent, you can start generating ideas for pressing problems, perhaps using other people’s lists to get started (like ours or others’ listed just below).

Compare

Now that you have your list of issues, compare them according to your worldview and using the frameworks you learned about above. Identify key uncertainties about your list, work out what research you might do to resolve those uncertainties, then go ahead and do it, and then reassess and repeat. If some of the issues on your list overlap with ours, you can use our problem profiles as a jumping-off point. Again, it would take a lifetime to get totally confident and make your list complete, so aim for action-relevant information instead. You can (and should) continue to think about which issues you think are most pressing throughout your career.

Other lists of pressing global issues, for inspiration:

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