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What is Silver Russell syndrome?

Russell-Silver syndrome is a growth disorder characterized by slow growth before and after birth. Babies with this condition have a low birth weight and often fail to grow and gain weight at the expected rate (failure to thrive).

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The genetic causes of Russell-Silver syndrome are complex. The disorder often results from the abnormal regulation of certain genes that control growth. Research has focused on genes located in particular regions of chromosome 7 and chromosome 11. People normally inherit one copy of each chromosome from their mother and one copy from their father. For most genes, both copies are expressed, or "turned on," in cells. For some genes, however, only the copy inherited from a person's father (the paternal copy) is expressed. For other genes, only the copy inherited from a person's mother (the maternal copy) is expressed. These parent-specific differences in gene expression are caused by a phenomenon called genomic imprinting. Both chromosome 7 and chromosome 11 contain groups of genes that normally undergo genomic imprinting; some of these genes are active only on the maternal copy of the chromosome, while others are active only on the paternal copy. Abnormalities involving these genes appear to be responsible for many cases of Russell-Silver syndrome. Researchers suspect that 30 to 50 percent of all cases of Russell-Silver syndrome result from changes in a process called methylation on the short (p) arm of chromosome 11 at position 15 (11p15). Methylation is a chemical reaction that attaches small molecules called methyl groups to certain segments of DNA. In genes that undergo genomic imprinting, methylation is one way that a gene's parent of origin is marked during the formation of egg and sperm cells. Russell-Silver syndrome has been associated with changes in methylation involving the H19 and IGF2 genes, which are located near one another at 11p15. These genes are thought to be involved in directing normal growth. A loss of methylation disrupts the regulation of these genes, which leads to slow growth and the other characteristic features of this disorder. Abnormalities involving genes on chromosome 7 can also cause Russell-Silver syndrome. In 7 percent to 10 percent of cases, people inherit both copies of chromosome 7 from their mother instead of one copy from each parent. This phenomenon is called maternal uniparental disomy (UPD). Maternal UPD causes people to have two active copies of some imprinted genes and no active copies of others. An imbalance in certain active paternal and maternal genes on chromosome 7 underlies the signs and symptoms of the disorder. In about 40 percent of people with Russell-Silver syndrome, the cause of the condition is unknown. It is likely that changes involving imprinted genes on chromosomes other than 7 and 11 play a role. Researchers are working to identify additional genetic changes that underlie this disorder.

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What is a current issue?

A current issue is something happening right now that affects a specific group or society at large. These issues are often controversial, with strong opinions on all sides. A current issue doesn't necessarily mean that the question is new. Some topics, such as abortion, have been discussed in society for decades.

Current Issues

Take a close look at the current issues facing American society today. A current issue is something happening right now that affects a specific group or society at large. These issues are often controversial, with strong opinions on all sides. A current issue doesn’t necessarily mean that the question is new. Some topics, such as abortion, have been discussed in society for decades. Other issues have surfaced with the development of technology. For example, the problem of cyberbullying has emerged with widespread use of the internet. Numerous controversial issues face American society today. These include animal rights, civil rights, capital punishment, domestic and sexual violence, climate change, gun violence, health care, homelessness, immigration, privacy, pollution, poverty, racism, and terrorism. Global issues also challenge the international community. China, India, the United Kingdom, and many other countries are addressing controversies that impact the entire world.

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Imagine Your Moment Of Freedom!
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