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What are the rarest cancers?

A list of 10 rare cancers Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. ... Anal cancer. ... Merkel cell carcinoma. ... Thymic carcinoma. ... Hepatoblastoma. ... Glioblastoma. ... Ewing sarcoma. ... Kaposi sarcoma. Kaposi sarcoma is cancer that occurs in the cells lining lymph or blood vessels. More items... •

medicalnewstoday.com - 10 rare cancers: Symptoms, treatment, and more

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Different parts of the body do not have an equal risk of developing cancers. Some organs and tissues are more susceptible to cancer than others. Cancer rates can also vary within an organ. For instance, one type of pancreatic cancer may be common, while another type is rare. According to the National Cancer Institute , rare cancers are those that affect fewer than 40,000 people in the United States each year. They account for 27% of all cancers and 25% of cancer deaths. This article discusses why some cancers are rarer than others and provides an overview of 10 rare cancers. A note about sex and gender Sex and gender exist on spectrums. This article will use the terms, “male,” “female,” or both to refer to sex assigned at birth. Click here to learn more. 5. Merkel cell carcinoma Merkel cell carcinoma is a rare and aggressive form of skin cancer. It is also known as neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin or trabecular cancer. According to the Skin Cancer Foundation, there are around 3,000 new cases of Merkel cell carcinoma in the U.S. each year. The main symptom of Merkel cell carcinoma is a lump developing on skin that receives a lot of sun exposure. The lump will typically be: painless

quick to grow

firm to touch

dome-shaped or raised

flushed or darker in color to surrounding skin Standard treatment options include: surgical removal

chemotherapy

radiation therapy

immunotherapy According to the ACS, the average 5-year relative survival rate across all stages of Merkel cell carcinoma is 63% . Learn more about Merkel cell carcinoma here. 6. Thymic carcinoma Thymic carcinoma is a form of cancer that can occur in the outer cells of the thymus, a small organ in the upper chest that creates white blood cells. Thymic carcinoma cells grow quickly and are prone to spreading to other parts of the body, such as the lungs. In general, cancers affecting the thymus are relatively rare, with approximately 400 new cases occurring in the U.S. each year. Many people have not experienced symptoms when they receive a diagnosis of thymic carcinoma. However, this cancer can sometimes cause: a persistent cough

shortness of breath

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chest pain

hoarseness

swelling in the chest, face, neck, or arms Treatment for thymic carcinoma may involve a combination of the following: surgery to remove the cancer

chemotherapy

radiotherapy

hormone therapy

targeted therapy According to the National Cancer Institute , the 5-year mortality rate for inoperable, locally advanced carcinoma is 36%. For carcinoma that has spread to other parts of the body, the rate is 24%. 7. Hepatoblastoma A hepatoblastoma is a liver cancer that typically happens in the first 3 years of life. According to the American Childhood Cancer Organization, there are 50–70 new cases in the U.S. each year. Symptoms vary among children, but may include: pain or swelling in the abdomen

loss of appetite

weight loss Treatment may involve: surgery

chemotherapy

a liver transplant

radiation therapy A 2019 population-based study suggested that the average 5-year survival rate for children was 81.5% . 10. Kaposi sarcoma Kaposi sarcoma is cancer that occurs in the cells lining lymph or blood vessels. Between 2009 and 2013, there were approximately 0.5 cases of Kaposi sarcoma per 100,000 people each year in the U.S. The main symptom of Kaposi sarcoma is the development of purple, red, or brown blotches. These lesions can develop in the following areas: the skin, most often on the legs or face

other organs of the body

mucous membranes in the mouth, nose, and throat

lymph nodes Treatment options include: radiation therapy

highly active antiretroviral therapy

surgery

cryosurgery

chemotherapy

immunotherapy The 5-year relative survival rate for Kaposi sarcoma is 73% . Learn more about Kaposi sarcoma here. What is cancer? The body comprises trillions of cells that normally grow and multiply. When cells become abnormal or get old, they die, and new cells take their place. Sometimes this process does not work as it should, and the abnormal cells multiply instead of dying. These cells form masses, or tumors, which can be benign, meaning noncancerous, or malignant, meaning cancerous. If they are cancerous, they may grow and spread into nearby tissues and can travel to a distant body of the body, also known as metastasis. Once cancer grows large enough, it can impact normal body functioning. This gives rise to symptoms. Cancer is the second-highest cause of death in the U.S. More than 600,000 individuals die from it every year in the country. It is worth noting, however, that cancer deaths declined by 27% from 1999–2019. Why are some cancers rarer than others? The rareness of cancers is a complicated subject , and there is currently no universal definition for what a rare cancer is. A specific type of cancer may be rare because it tends to appear in certain demographic groups more than others. Some cancers may appear rare because they are harder to diagnose correctly. How often certain cancers occur can also differ greatly by geographical location. One 2015 review suggests that cancer occurs in certain body tissues more often than in others. Some differences stem from inherited genes, while others are due to environmental agents, such as smoking or alcohol use. Yet, these factors do not fully account for the variation in rates among cancers. The study authors theorize that the major factor that controls the likelihood of a certain tissue developing cancer is the lifetime number of stem cell divisions within it. According to the concept underlying this theory, changes in genes happen by chance during stem cell divisions called DNA replications. These genetic changes predict a strong correlation between the lifetime number of stem cell divisions and the lifetime risk of cancer in a particular tissue. Upon researching the theory, the authors found the correlation was striking. Research into rare cancers tends to get less financial and scientific support than more prevalent cancers, which is one reason there is so much uncertainty around them.

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medicalnewstoday.com - 10 rare cancers: Symptoms, treatment, and more

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