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Should a 76 year old man get a PSA test?

Tosoian: Without screening, many older men are likely to die of prostate cancer. We are living longer, and 75 is not the ripe old age it used to be. But it's a cutoff age for PSA screening — and this is missing cancer in men who really need to be treated, say Brady investigators.

hopkinsmedicine.org - Healthy Men Over 75: Don't Stop PSA Screening - Johns Hopkins Medicine

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We are living longer, and 75 is not the ripe old age it used to be. But it's a cutoff age for PSA screening — and this is missing cancer in men who really need to be treated, say Brady investigators. "There is increasing evidence that this age-based approach is significantly flawed," says Patrick C. Walsh, M.D., University Distinguished Service Professor of Urology. Walsh is the senior author of a recent Brady study that looked at high-risk prostate cancer in older men. The study's interdisciplinary group of investigators also includes first authors Jeffrey Tosoian and Ridwan Alam, and Carol Gergis; Amol Narang, Noura Radwan, Scott Robertson, Todd McNutt, Ashley Ross, Danny Song, Theodore Deweese, and Phuoc Tran. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends against screening for men over 75. "There's no question that there has been overtreatment of prostate cancer," says Tosoian. "However, that is getting better; more men are taking part in active surveillance programs, and we are much better at interpreting PSA and other biomarkers to rule out aggressive disease." But PSA can't be interpreted if a man doesn't get his PSA tested. Population studies have shown that "men diagnosed at 75 years or older account for 48 percent of metastatic cancers and 53 percent of prostate cancer deaths, despite representing only 26 percent of the overall population," says Tran, Clinical Director of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences. Why are older men more likely to die from prostate cancer? To find out, the team studied 274 men over age 75 who underwent radiation therapy for prostate cancer. "We found that men who underwent PSA testing were significantly less likely to be diagnosed with high-risk prostate cancer, and that men with either no PSA testing or incomplete testing (either a change in PSA was not followed up, or a biopsy was not performed when it was indicated) had more than a three-fold higher risk of having high-risk disease at diagnosis, when adjusted for other clinical risk factors," says Tran. Although this was a small study and more research is needed, Walsh says, "we believe that PSA screening should be considered in very healthy older men."

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How long does it take for nicotine to leave your system?

People also process nicotine differently depending on their genetics. Generally, nicotine will leaves your blood within 1 to 3 days after you stop using tobacco, and cotinine will be gone after 1 to 10 days. Neither nicotine nor cotinine will be detectable in your urine after 3 to 4 days of stopping tobacco products.

webmd.com - What to Know if You Have to Take a Nicotine Test - WebMD

But did you know that some employers, insurance companies, and other institutions sometimes test for nicotine -- the active ingredient in tobacco products?

If you’ve ever applied for a new job, you may have had to take a drug test. Many federal, state, and private employers require this testing to ensure employees can be trusted to protect important information, or even the health and safety of others. There are a couple of ways to test for nicotine and cotinine, the product created after nicotine enters your body:

What Does the Test Look For?

Usually, the tests look for cotinine, not nicotine. That’s because cotinine is more stable and lasts longer in your body. The only reason you’d have cotinine in your body is if you processed nicotine. Cotinine can show up in a blood or urine test. If you have to do a blood test, a lab tech will insert a needle into your vein to collect the sample. If you have to do a urine test, you’ll submit a random urine sample, which means the sample can be taken at any time of day. If you’ve quit smoking or using other tobacco products and you’re now on a nicotine replacement product, you may need a test that looks for nicotine, cotinine, and anabasine, a substance that’s found in tobacco but not in nicotine replacement products. If you test positive -- meaning anabasine is present in your body -- that indicates you’re actually still using tobacco. It wouldn’t show up if you were just using nicotine replacement products.

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