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Red Ginseng Extract (RGE) and ginsenosides protect hair matrix keratinocyte proliferation against dihydrotestosterone (DHT)-induced suppression and affects the expression of androgen receptor.
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Learn More »Ginseng is an ancient herbal remedy that was recorded in The Herbal Classic of the Divine Plowman, the oldest comprehensive Materia Medica, which was scripted approximately 2000 years ago [9]. Among different species which are known as ginseng, Panax ginseng (Korean or Asian red ginseng) is the most frequently used one. The Ginseng is widely appreciated because it promotes health effect improving the immune response, the cardiovascular system, helping with sexual dysfunctions, preventing cancer, inhibiting tumor cell proliferation among others. In Dermatologic diseases, cancer is being investigate for its therapeutic effects in skin wound reparation, reducing immune response in dermatitis, reduces and prevent skin damage due to photo aging and cold hypersensitivity, improves hair growth reducing hair loss in alopecia [14]. Nowadays has gained fame as one of the most popular herbs originating from Eastern Countries, because contemporary science has revealed that ginseng contains a wide variety of bioactive constituents, especially a group of saponin compounds collectively known as ginsenosides, which have been proposed to account for most of the diverse biological activities, including the hair-growth potential of ginseng [9]. Ginsenosides can be classified, depending on the number of hydroxyl groups available for glycosylation via dehydration reactions, as protopanaxadiol (PPD) and protopanaxatriol (PPT). Common PPD-type ginsenosides include ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd., Rg3, F2, Rh2, compound K (cK), and PPD, whereas PPT-type ginsenosides include Re, Rf, Rg1, Rg2, F1, Rh1, and PPT [9] and malony ginsenosides mRb1, mRb2 and mRbc [15]. Ginseng extract or its specific ginsenosides have been tested for their potential to promote hair growth.
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Read More »3.1.3 Ginseng on androgen alopecia The exposure to androgens is the major triggers for hair loss is which in most cases is genetically predetermined in androgenic alopecia patients [9, 31, 32]. The androgen that mainly plays a role in altering hair cycling is 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), which is a metabolite of testosterone. The conversion of testosterone to DHT is mediated by the 5α-reductase (5αR) enzyme in each follicle [33, 34] (Figure 2). Treatment with 5α-reductase inhibitors, e.g., finasteride, prevents the development of alopecia and increases scalp-hair growth [9]. Topical application of ginseng extract or ginsenosides was reported to enhance hair growth. Rhizomes of P. ginseng (red ginseng) containing a considerable amount of ginsenoside Ro, Ro is the predominant ginsenoside in the rhizome showed greater dose-dependent inhibitory effects against testosterone 5α-reductase (5αR) [35]. Ginsenoside Rg3 (a unique ginsenoside in red ginseng) and Rd. also exhibited similar inhibitory effects against 5αR [36]. Another variety of ginseng, the Parribacus japonicas rhizome extract that contains a larger quantity of ginsenoside Ro also inhibited 5αR enzyme activity. Topical administration of red-ginseng rhizome extracts and ginsenoside Ro onto shaved skin of C57BL/6 mice abrogated testosterone-mediated suppression of hair regrowth [36]. Major components of hair regenerative capacity such as linoleic acid (LA) and β-sitosterol (SITOS) were significantly restored with Red Ginseng Oil (RGO) after testosterone (TES)-induced delay of anagen entry in C57BL/6 mice, also RGO and its major components reduced the protein level of TGF-β and enhanced the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, suggesting that RGO is a potent novel therapeutic natural product for treatment of androgenic alopecia [37]. Red Ginseng Extract (RGE) and ginsenosides protect hair matrix keratinocyte proliferation against dihydrotestosterone (DHT)-induced suppression and affects the expression of androgen receptor. Moreover, RGE, ginsenoside-Rb1, and ginsenoside-Rg3 at lower levels that have been shown to inhibit 5a-reductase [35] inhibit the DHT-induced suppression of hair matrix keratinocyte proliferation and the DHT-induced upregulation of the mRNA expression of androgen receptor in hDPCs [16]. DHT is the product of testosterone and does not require the activity of 5a-reductase to affect hair follicles, and the inhibitory effect of DHT on hair growth is mediated by the androgen receptor in DPCs [38]. These results suggest that red ginseng may promote hair growth in humans through the regulation of androgen receptor signaling [16]. 3.1.4 Effects of ginsenosides on chemotherapy Majeed et al. review the recent perspectives of ginseng phytochemicals as therapeutics in oncology and explain the chemotherapeutic effect of ginsenoside as result of its appetites, ant proliferative, anti-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties [39]. The anticancer effect of ginseng was proven in various types of cancer: breast, lung, liver, colon and skin cancer. It increases the mitochondrial accumulation of apoptosis protein and down regulate the expression of anti-apoptotic protein, reducing cancer development. It also aids in the reduction of alopecia, fatigue and nausea, the known side effects of chemotherapeutic drugs [39]. Alopecia induced by chemotherapy is one of the most distressing side effects for patients undergoing chemotherapy. One drug used as chemotherapy is Cyclophosphamide (CP), also known as cytophosphane. Cyclophosphamide metabolite, 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (4-HC) inhibited human hair growth, induced premature catagen development, and inhibited proliferation and stimulated apoptosis of hair matrix keratinocytes inducing the side effect of alopecia. In human hair follicle organ culture model pre-treatment with Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) before cyclophosphamide metabolite Dong In Keum et all shows that KRG suppress 4-HC-induced inhibition of matrix keratinocyte proliferation and stimulation of matrix keratinocyte apoptosis, playing a protective effect on 4-HC-induced hair growth inhibition and premature catagen development. Moreover, KRG restored 4-HC-induced p53 and Bax/Bcl2 expression [17].
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Read More »3.1.5 Activation of dermal papillary cell proliferation Different intracellular signaling pathways are involving and plays a critical role in stimulating hair growth by promoting dermal papillary-cell proliferation. Hair growth is promote by Ginsenoside Rg3 upregulating Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) expression [36]. VEGF is a signaling protein which is released from the epithelium and increases the angiogenesis of the hair follicle [9, 40, 41, 42]. Was also demonstrate by Shin et al. that Rg3 increased the proliferation of human dermal papillary cells, associating this proliferation with an upregulation of mRNA expression of VEGF also stimulated stem cells by upregulating factor-activating CD34 and CD8 [36] and promoted hair growth even more than minoxidil in mouse [43] it was conclude that Rg3 might increase hair growth through stimulation of hair follicle stem cells [36]. RGE and ginsenoside-Rb1 enhanced the proliferation of hair matrix keratinocytes, human hair-follicle dermal papillary cells (hDPCs). Treated hair with RGE or ginsenoside-Rb1 exhibited substantial cell proliferation and the associated phosphorylation of ERK and AKT [16], it was recently demonstrated that ERK activation plays an important role in the proliferation of hDPCs [42] and AKT mediates critical signals for cell survival and also regulates the survival of DPCs as an antiapoptotic molecule [9, 16, 44] proliferation and the prolongation of the survival in the hDPCs by red ginseng may be mediated by the ERK and AKT signaling pathway [9, 16]. Human DPC treatment with Gintonin-enriched fraction (GEF) stimulated vascular endothelial growth factor release. Topical application of GEF and minoxidil promoted hair growth in a dose-dependent manner. Histological analysis showed that GEF and minoxidil increased the number of hair follicles and hair weight [45]. The Bcl-2 family proteins is notable for their regulation of apoptosis machinery, a form of programmed cell death, the member of this family either acts as antiapoptotic or pro apoptotic in nature. During the hair cycle, the dermal papillary cells (DPC) is the only region where Bcl-2 is expressed consistently and is considered to resist apoptosis [9, 46, 47, 48]. In mice Fructus Panax ginseng extract (FPG) increases the expression of Bcl-2 and decreases Bax expression, a pro apoptotic species, in cultured DPCs [49]. Parks et all concluded that FPG extract improves the cell proliferation of human DPCs through anti apoptotic activation. Topical administration of FPG extract might have hair regeneration activity for the treatment of hair loss [49].
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