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Does terminal mean death?

A terminal illness is an illness or condition which cannot be cured and is likely to lead to someone's death. It's sometimes called a life-limiting illness. On this page, we answer questions that you might have about terminal illness.

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What are examples of terminal illnesses?

There is no set list of illnesses which are terminal. People who are terminally ill may have a single illness or a number of different conditions.

Examples of some illnesses which can be terminal include:

advanced cancer

dementia (including Alzheimer's)

motor neurone disease (MND)

lung disease

neurological diseases, like Parkinson's

advanced heart disease.

Remember that these illnesses are not always terminal. If you have questions about your illness, it is best to speak with your healthcare professional.

Is advanced cancer always terminal?

Advanced cancer usually means that there is a lot of cancer or it has spread (is a later stage). Terminal cancer usually means the cancer cannot be controlled and is likely to be the cause of someone's death. Some advanced cancers can be treated to control their growth or spread, while others are terminal. If you have terminal cancer, you can still have palliative care or treatment, which may focus on managing symptoms. Some healthcare professionals may define or use the words 'terminal' and 'advanced' differently. If you are not sure about the words your healthcare professional is using, it is best to ask them to explain what they mean.

How do I know if my illness is terminal?

The healthcare professional managing the treatment for your condition, such as your doctor or consultant, should explain whether your illness is terminal or not. The diagnosis would be given after tests and, in some cases, treatment. Sometimes healthcare professionals may use different terms or definitions. If you are unsure or worried about whether your illness is terminal, it's best to speak with your healthcare professional.

How long will someone with a terminal illness live?

Someone with a terminal illness may live for days, weeks, months or years. It often depends on their diagnosis and any treatment they are having. It can be difficult for healthcare professionals to predict exactly how long someone with a terminal illness will live (their prognosis). It can be shocking or upsetting to get a terminal diagnosis, as people sometimes think the word 'terminal' means they will die soon. This might be a worry for you too. It may help to remember that no two experiences of a terminal illness are the same. Sometimes, a person's condition will gradually get worse as the illness progresses. Other people may find that they feel better or worse at different points during their illness – it is not always a straight path.

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Can Viagra affect PSA levels?

PSA levels can vary throughout the day. There is noevidence that sildenafil, without sexual intercourse,alters these levels.

Two of my patients are older men (aged 62 years and 68years) who have benign prostatic hyperplasia; their prostatesare soft and nontender. Recent prostate-specific antigen(PSA) measurements revealed elevated levels-from 3.5 to4.4 ng/mL in the 62-year-old man and from 4.2 to 5.8ng/mL in the 68-year-old man. Both patients had takensildenafil and had sexual intercourse the day before the examination.Could the elevations in their PSA levels be aneffect of sildenafil? If so, how long does this effect persist?

-Leonard B. Beller, MD

Los Angeles

PSA levels can vary throughout the day. There is noevidence that sildenafil, without sexual intercourse,alters these levels. However, the results of a number of trials suggestthat intercourse may affect PSA values. Mycolleagues and I conducted a study that showed intercoursehad no effect in men with normal baseline levelsbut was associated with increased PSA values in men whohad an elevated baseline measurement.1 I have also foundthat bicycle riding and digital rectal examinations do notaffect PSA levels.2,3 Therefore, I believe the degree of change seen inyour patients warrants further investigation. The normalPSA level for men of this age is less than 3 ng/mL.

-

E. David Crawford, MD

Professor of Surgery and Radiation Oncology

University of Colorado

Denver

REFERENCES: 1. Stenner J, Hathaus K, MacKenzie SH, Crawford ED. The effect of ejaculationon prostate specific antigen in a prostate cancer screening population. Urology.1998;51:455-459. 2. Safford HR, Crawford ED, MacKenzie SH, Capriola M. The effect of bicycleriding on serum prostate specific antigen levels. J Urol. 1996;156:103-105. 3. Crawford ED, Schutz MJ, Clefan S, et al. The effect of digital rectal examinationon prostate specific antigen levels. JAMA. 1992;267:2227-2228.

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