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Can I take beta-sitosterol long term?

When taken by mouth: Beta-sitosterol is likely safe for most people. It's been used safely at a dose of up to 20 grams daily for up to 3 months. It's also been used at a lower dose of 130 mg daily for up to 18 months. It can cause some mild side effects, such as nausea, indigestion, gas, diarrhea, or constipation.

webmd.com - Beta-Sitosterol: Uses, Side Effects, and More. - WebMD

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Begemann, F., Bandomer, G., and Herget, H. J. The influence of beta-sitosterol on biliary cholesterol saturation and bile acid kinetics in man. Scand.J Gastroenterol. 1978;13(1):57-63. View abstract. Bhattacharyya, A. K., Connor, W. E., and Lin, D. S. The origin of plant sterols in the skin surface lipids in humans: from diet to plasma to skin. J.Invest Dermatol. 1983;80(4):294-296. View abstract. Bialluch, W. [Beta-sitosterin in the conservative therapy of prostatic adenoma. Experiences in urologic practice]. ZFA.(Stuttgart.) 9-20-1980;56(26):1684-1687. View abstract. Bouic, P. J., Clark, A., Brittle, W., Lamprecht, J. H., Freestone, M., and Liebenberg, R. W. Plant sterol/sterolin supplement use in a cohort of South African HIV-infected patients--effects on immunological and virological surrogate markers. S.Afr.Med.J 2001;91(10):848-850. View abstract.

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Carayanni, V. J., Tsati, E. G., Spyropoulou, G. C., Antonopoulou, F. N., and Ioannovich, J. D. Comparing oil based ointment versus standard practice for the treatment of moderate burns in Greece: a trial based cost effectiveness evaluation. BMC.Complement Altern.Med. 2011;11:122. View abstract. Charest, A., Desroches, S., Vanstone, C. A., Jones, P. J., and Lamarche, B. Unesterified plant sterols and stanols do not affect LDL electrophoretic characteristics in hypercholesterolemic subjects. J.Nutr. 2004;134(3):592-595. View abstract. Cicero, A. F., Fiorito, A., Panourgia, M. P., Sangiorgi, Z., and Gaddi, A. Effects of a new soy/beta-sitosterol supplement on plasma lipids in moderately hypercholesterolemic subjects. J Am.Diet.Assoc. 2002;102(12):1807-1811. View abstract. Cicero, A. F., Minardi, M., Mirembe, S., Pedro, E., and Gaddi, A. Effects of a new low dose soy protein/beta-sitosterol association on plasma lipid levels and oxidation. Eur.J Nutr. 2004;43(5):319-322. View abstract. Clifton, P. M., Noakes, M., Sullivan, D., Erichsen, N., Ross, D., Annison, G., Fassoulakis, A., Cehun, M., and Nestel, P. Cholesterol-lowering effects of plant sterol esters differ in milk, yoghurt, bread and cereal. Eur.J Clin.Nutr. 2004;58(3):503-509. View abstract. Cobb, M. M., Salen, G., and Tint, G. S. Comparative effect of dietary sitosterol on plasma sterols and cholesterol and bile acid synthesis in a sitosterolemic homozygote and heterozygote subject. J Am Coll.Nutr. 1997;16(6):605-613. View abstract. Davidson, M. H., Maki, K. C., Umporowicz, D. M., Ingram, K. A., Dicklin, M. R., Schaefer, E., Lane, R. W., McNamara, J. R., Ribaya-Mercado, J. D., Perrone, G., Robins, S. J., and Franke, W. C. Safety and tolerability of esterified phytosterols administered in reduced-fat spread and salad dressing to healthy adult men and women. J Am Coll.Nutr. 2001;20(4):307-319. View abstract. Demonty, I., Chan, Y. M., Pelled, D., and Jones, P. J. 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C., and Eickenbusch, W. [Beta sitosterin in hypercholesterinemia]. ZFA.(Stuttgart.) 9-30-1979;55(27):1503-1506. View abstract. Fernandez, C., Suarez, Y., Ferruelo, A. J., Gomez-Coronado, D., and Lasuncion, M. A. Inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis by Delta22-unsaturated phytosterols via competitive inhibition of sterol Delta24-reductase in mammalian cells. Biochem.J 8-15-2002;366(Pt 1):109-119. View abstract. Fuentes, F., Lopez-Miranda, J., Garcia, A., Perez-Martinez, P., Moreno, J., Cofan, M., Caballero, J., Paniagua, J. A., Ros, E., and Perez-Jimenez, F. Basal plasma concentrations of plant sterols can predict LDL-C response to sitosterol in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia. Eur J Clin Nutr 2008;62(4):495-501. View abstract. Gerber, G. S. Phytotherapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Curr Urol.Rep. 2002;3(4):285-291. View abstract. Grundy, S. M., Ahrens, E. H., Jr., and Salen, G. Dietary beta-sitosterol as an internal standard to correct for cholesterol losses in sterol balance studies. J Lipid Res 1968;9(3):374-387. View abstract. Heinemann, T., Leiss, O., and von Bergmann, K. Effect of low-dose sitostanol on serum cholesterol in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 1986;61(3):219-223. View abstract. Hendriks, H. F., Brink, E. J., Meijer, G. W., Princen, H. M., and Ntanios, F. Y. Safety of long-term consumption of plant sterol esters-enriched spread. Eur.J Clin.Nutr. 2003;57(5):681-692. View abstract. Hernandez-Mijares, A., Banuls, C., Jover, A., Sola, E., Bellod, L., Martinez-Triguero, M. L., Lagarda, M. J., Victor, V. M., and Rocha, M. Low intestinal cholesterol absorption is associated with a reduced efficacy of phytosterol esters as hypolipemic agents in patients with metabolic syndrome. Clin Nutr 2011;30(5):604-609. View abstract. Homma, Y., Ikeda, I., Ishikawa, T., Tateno, M., Sugano, M., and Nakamura, H. 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Jones, P. J. Cholesterol-lowering action of plant sterols. Curr.Atheroscler.Rep. 1999;1(3):230-235. View abstract.

Jones, P. J., Howell, T., MacDougall, D. E., Feng, J. Y., and Parsons, W. Short-term administration of tall oil phytosterols improves plasma lipid profiles in subjects with different cholesterol levels. Metabolism 1998;47(6):751-756. View abstract. Jourdain, C., Tenca, G., Deguercy, A., Troplin, P., and Poelman, D. In-vitro effects of polyphenols from cocoa and beta-sitosterol on the growth of human prostate cancer and normal cells. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2006;15(4):353-361. View abstract. Ju, Y. H., Clausen, L. M., Allred, K. F., Almada, A. L., and Helferich, W. G. beta-Sitosterol, beta-Sitosterol Glucoside, and a Mixture of beta-Sitosterol and beta-Sitosterol Glucoside Modulate the Growth of Estrogen-Responsive Breast Cancer Cells In Vitro and in Ovariectomized Athymic Mice. J Nutr. 2004;134(5):1145-1151. View abstract. Kadow, C. and Abrams, P. H. A double-blind trial of the effect of beta-sitosteryl glucoside (WA184) in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Eur.Urol. 1986;12(3):187-189. View abstract. Kaffarnik, H., Muhlfellner, G., Muhlfellner, O., Schneider, J., Hausmann, L., Zofel, P., Schubotz, R., and Fuchs, F. [Beta-sitosterin in the treatment of essential type II hyperlipoproteinemias]. Fortschr.Med. 12-8-1977;95(46):2785-2787. View abstract. Kandziora, J. [Lowering of the serum cholesterol level with beta-sitosterin. Experiences from the medical practice]. Med.Welt. 1980;31(8):302-303. View abstract. Karlaganis, G., Bremmelgaard, A., Karlaganis, V., and Sjovall, J. Precursor of 27-nor-5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha, 24,25-pentol in man. J Steroid Biochem. 1983;18(6):725-729. View abstract. Kassen, A. [Effect of beta-sitosterin on the growth of the prostate]. Krankenpfl.J 1999;37(7-8):286. View abstract. Katan, M. B., Grundy, S. M., Jones, P., Law, M., Miettinen, T., and Paoletti, R. Efficacy and safety of plant stanols and sterols in the management of blood cholesterol levels. Mayo Clin.Proc. 2003;78(8):965-978. View abstract. Klingeberg, J. [Measurement of urinary flow in general practice. Efficacy of beta-sitosterine]. ZFA.(Stuttgart.) 10-10-1981;57(28):1634-1637. View abstract. Kobayashi, Y., Sugaya, Y., and Tokue, A. [Clinical effects of beta-sitosterol (phytosterol) on benign prostatic hyperplasia: preliminary study]. Hinyokika Kiyo 1998;44(12):865-868. View abstract. Koletzko, B., Filler, R. M., and Heim, T. Immaturity alters plasma lipoprotein composition of intravenously alimented newborn infants. Eur.J Med.Res 2-21-1998;3(1-2):89-94. View abstract. Lee, S., Kim, K. S., Shim, S. H., Park, Y. M., and Kim, B. K. Constituents from the non-polar fraction of Artemisia apiacea. Arch.Pharm.Res 2003;26(11):902-905. View abstract. Louw, I. and et al. A pilot study of the clinical effects of a mixture of Beta-Sitosterol and Beta-Sitosterol glucoside in active rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Abstract NutritionWeek Congress 2002; Mabrouk, A., Boughdadi, N. S., Helal, H. A., Zaki, B. M., and Maher, A. Moist occlusive dressing (Aquacel((R)) Ag) versus moist open dressing (MEBO((R))) in the management of partial-thickness facial burns: a comparative study in Ain Shams University. Burns 2012;38(3):396-403. View abstract. Mattson, F. H., Grundy, S. M., and Crouse, J. R. Optimizing the effect of plant sterols on cholesterol absorption in man. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1982;35(4):697-700. View abstract. Meguro, S., Higashi, K., Hase, T., Honda, Y., Otsuka, A., Tokimitsu, I., and Itakura, H. Solubilization of phytosterols in diacylglycerol versus triacylglycerol improves the serum cholesterol-lowering effect. Eur.J Clin.Nutr. 2001;55(7):513-517. View abstract. Mensink, R. P., Ebbing, S., Lindhout, M., Plat, J., and van Heugten, M. M. Effects of plant stanol esters supplied in low-fat yoghurt on serum lipids and lipoproteins, non-cholesterol sterols and fat soluble antioxidant concentrations. Atherosclerosis 2002;160(1):205-213. View abstract. Michel, M. C., Bressel, H. U., Mehlburger, L., and Goepel, M. Tamsulosin: real life clinical experience in 19,365 patients. Eur.Urol. 1998;34 Suppl 2:37-45. View abstract. Miehle, W. Arthrosis or osteoarthritis: do these terms imply therapy with pure analgesics or non-steroidal antirheumatic agents? Scand.J Rheumatol.Suppl 1987;65:123-130. View abstract.

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Miettinen, T. A. and Gylling, H. Regulation of cholesterol metabolism by dietary plant sterols. Curr.Opin.Lipidol. 1999;10(1):9-14. View abstract. Miettinen, T. A., Farkkila, M., Vuoristo, M., Karvonen, A. L., Leino, R., Lehtola, J., Friman, C., Seppala, K., and Tuominen, J. Serum cholestanol, cholesterol precursors, and plant sterols during placebo-controlled treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis with ursodeoxycholic acid or colchicine. Hepatology 1995;21(5):1261-1268. View abstract. Muhlfellner, G., Muhlfellner, O., and Kaffarnik, H. [Beta-sitosterin in unsuccessfully pretreated patients with hypercholesteremia. Simultaneously, a contribution to dose dependence]. Med.Klin. 4-30-1976;71(18):775-778. View abstract. Muti, P., Awad, A. B., Schunemann, H., Fink, C. S., Hovey, K., Freudenheim, J. L., Wu, Y. W., Bellati, C., Pala, V., and Berrino, F. A plant food-based diet modifies the serum beta-sitosterol concentration in hyperandrogenic postmenopausal women. 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Plant sterols and endurance training combine to favorably alter plasma lipid profiles in previously sedentary hypercholesterolemic adults after 8 wk. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2004;80(5):1159-1166. View abstract. Weisweiler, P., Heinemann, V., and Schwandt, P. Serum lipoproteins and lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity in hypercholesterolemic subjects given beta-sitosterol. Int.J Clin.Pharmacol Ther.Toxicol. 1984;22(4):204-206. View abstract. Weizel, A. and Richter, W. O. Drug therapy of severe hypercholesterolemia. Eur.J Med.Res 6-16-1997;2(6):265-269. View abstract. Weststrate, J. A., Ayesh, R., Bauer-Plank, C., and Drewitt, P. N. Safety evaluation of phytosterol esters. Part 4. Faecal concentrations of bile acids and neutral sterols in healthy normolipidaemic volunteers consuming a controlled diet either with or without a phytosterol ester-enriched margarine. Food Chem Toxicol. 1999;37(11):1063-1071. View abstract. 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Awad AB, Chen YC, Fink CS, Hennessey T. Beta-sitosterol inhibits HT-29 human colon cancer cell growth and alters membrane lipids. Anticancer Res 1996;16:2797-804. View abstract. Awad AB, von Holtz RL, Cone JP, et al. Beta-sitosterol inhibits growth of HT-29 human colon cancer cells by activating the sphingomyelin cycle. Anticancer Res 1998;18:471-3. View abstract. Baumgartner S, Ras RT, Trautwein EA, Mensink RP, Plat J. Plasma fat-soluble vitamin and carotenoid concentrations after plant sterol and plant stanol consumption: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Nutr. 2017;56(3):909-923. View abstract. Becker M, Staab D, Von Bergman K. Long-term treatment of severe familial hypercholesterolemia in children: effect of sitosterol and bezafibrate. Pediatrics 1992;89:138-42. View abstract. Becker M, Staab D, Von Bergmann K. Treatment of severe familial hypercholesterolemia in childhood with sitosterol and sitostanol. J Pediatr 1993;122:292-6. View abstract. Becker M, Staab D, Von Bergmann K. Treatment of severe familial hypercholesterolemia in childhood with sitosterol and sitostanol. J Pediatr 1993;122:292-6. View abstract. Berges RR, Kassen A, Senge T. Treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia with beta-sitosterol: an 18-month follow-up. BJU Int 2000;85:842-6. View abstract. Berges RR, Windeler J, Trampisch HJ, et al. Randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial of beta-sitosterol in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Beta-sitosterol Study Group. Lancet 1995;345:1529-32. View abstract. Berges RR, Windeler J, Trampisch HJ, et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial of beta-sitosterol in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Lancet 1995;345:1529-32. View abstract. Bouic PJ, Clark A, Lamprecht J, et al. The effects of B-sitosterol (BSS) and B-sitosterol glucoside (BSSG) mixture on selected immune parameters of marathon runners: inhibition of post marathon immune suppression and inflammation. Int J Sports Med 1999;20:258-62. View abstract. Bouic PJ, Etsebeth S, Liebenberg RW, et al. Beta-sitosterol and beta-sitosterol glucoside stimulate human peripheral blood lymphocyte proliferation: implications for their use as an immunomodulatory vitamin combination. Int J Immunopharmacol 1996;18:693-700. View abstract. Bouic PJ, Lamprecht JH, Plant sterols and sterolins: a review of their immune-modulating properties. Altern Med Rev 1999;4:170-7. View abstract. Cabeza M, Bratoeff E, Heuze I, et al. Effect of beta-sitosterol as inhibitor of 5 alpha-reductase in hamster prostate. Proc West Pharmacol Soc 2003;46:153-5. Donald PR, Lamprecht JH, Freestone M, et al. A randomised placebo-controlled trial of the efficacy of beta-sitosterol and its glucoside as adjuvants in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. Int J Tubercul Lung Dis 1997;1:518-22. View abstract. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Title 21. Part 101.83 - Health claims: plant sterol/stanol esters and risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Available at: https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=c7e427855f12554dbc292b4c8a7545a0&mc=true&node=pt21.2.101&rgn=div5#se21.2.101_180 Gerolami A, Sarles H. Letter: Beta-sitosterol and chenodeoxycholic acid in the treatment of cholesterol gallstones. Lancet 1975;2:721. Gylling H, Radhakrishnan R, Miettinen TA. Reduction of serum cholesterol in postmenopausal women with previous myocardial infarction and cholesterol malabsorption induced by dietary sitostanol ester margarine: women and dietary sitostanol. Circulation 1997;96:4226-31. View abstract. Gylling H, Siimes MA, Miettinen TA. Sitostanol ester margarine in dietary treatment of children with familial hypercholesterolemia. J Lipid Res 1995;36:1807-12. View abstract.

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webmd.com - Beta-Sitosterol: Uses, Side Effects, and More. - WebMD

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