Are blueberries anti-estrogen?

aacrjournals.org - Effect of select berries on estrogen-induced mammary tissue ...

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Citrus: Oranges, lemons, limes, and grapefruits are all high in vitamin C, which may help to protect the prostate gland.

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Epidemiological studies have associated decreased risk of several diseases with increased intake of fruits and vegetables. Our previous studies with black raspberry and blueberry showed significant protection against estrogen-induced mammary carcinogenicity in the ACI rat model. Here we demonstrate that the anticarcinogenicity may be in part due to the inhibition of mammary cell proliferation. Female ACI rats were divided into four groups (n=5 each). Each group received either control diet or diet supplemented with powder of black raspberry and blueberry (5% each, w/w). Two weeks later three groups, one on control diet and other two on berry diets, were treated with 17ß-estradiol (9 mg) by subcutaneous silastic implants. Three weeks after estrogen treatment, all groups were euthanized and blood and mammary tissue were collected and snap frozen. A portion of mammary tissue was processed for histopathology. All groups of animals showed similar body-weight gains and had similar diet intake, irrespective of the diet, indicating that the berry diets were well tolerated. Sections were stained for PCNA by immunohistochemistry to measure mammary tissue proliferation. All groups receiving estrogen treatment showed increased mammary cell proliferation based on PCNA staining compared with sham treatment. However, significant differences were observed among groups: the blueberry diet lowered the proliferation index by 66% (p<0.0003) compared with control diet, while it was diminished by 32% (p<0.0071) by black raspberry diet. Analysis of mammary tissue microsomes for CYP1B1 expression by Western blotting revealed no change in blueberry group but a 1.2 fold decrease in black raspberry intervention group. Latter effect could result in reduction of 4-hydroxyestradiol metabolite that is associated with carcinogenicity in mammary tissue. To determine if the relative antiproliferative activity of the two berries correlated with their bioactive contents, we analyzed total phenolic and anthocyanin contents (in mg/g dry weight) using the standard Folin-ciocalteu and pH-differential procedures, respectively. Black raspberry preparation (17.2 ± 0.8) had higher total phenolic content than blueberry (9.7 ± 0.8); the difference in the anthocyanin content was even greater (10.7 ± 0.6 versus 1.3 ± 0.1). The higher antiproliferative activity and lower phenolic content of blueberry compared with black raspberry suggest that distinct differences in blueberry phytochemicals may provide additive and/or synergistic effects. (Supported in part from Agnes Brown Duggan Endowment Funds).

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